编译 | 未玖
Science, 04 JUNE 2021, VOL 372, ISSUE 6546
《科学》2021年6月4日，第372卷，6546期
天文学Astronomy
The first 5 years of gravitational-wave astrophysics
引力波天体物理学的最初5年
▲ 作者：Salvatore Vitale
▲ 链接：
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/eabc7397
▲ 摘要
引力波是由天体加速产生的时空涟漪；是广义相对论的直接推论，于2015年首次被直接观察到。
研究者回顾了引力波探测的前5年。目前已发现了50多个引力波事件，这些事件是由中子星和黑洞等致密物体的合并产生的。
这些信号使人们对致密物体及其前身星的形成有了深刻见解，使广义相对论的严格检验成为可能，并将物质的行为限制在比原子核更高的密度范围内。
发射引力波和电磁波的耦合波可用于探测短伽马射线爆的形成和重元素的核合成，并测量宇宙的局部膨胀率。
▲ Abstract
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime generated by the acceleration of astrophysical objects; a direct consequence of general relativity, they were first directly observed in 2015. Here, I review the first 5 years of gravitational-wave detections. More than 50 gravitational-wave events have been found, emitted by pairs of merging compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes. These signals yield insights into the formation of compact objects and their progenitor stars, enable stringent tests of general relativity, and constrain the behavior of matter at densities higher than that of an atomic nucleus. Mergers that emit both gravitational and electromagnetic waves probe the formation of short gamma-ray bursts and the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements, and they measure the local expansion rate of the Universe.
Revealing x-ray and gamma ray temporal and spectral similarities in the GRB 190829A afterglow
GRB 190829A余辉中X射线和γ射线的时间和光谱相似性
▲ 作者：H.E.S.S. Collaboration, H. Abdalla, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, E. O. Angüner, C. Arcaro, et al.
▲ 链接：
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1081
▲ 摘要
伽马射线爆（GRBs）是银河系外源的γ射线明亮闪烁，之后余辉发射衰减，与恒星核坍塌事件有关。
研究组使用高能立体视野系统（H.E.S.S.），在爆发后4至56小时内观测到GRB 190829A余辉中的超高能（VHE）γ射线。GRB 190829A的低亮度和红移降低了内部和外部吸收，使其本征能谱可测。
在0.18-3.3 TeV的能量之间，该光谱由幂律描述，光子指数为2.07±0.09，类似于X射线光谱。X射线和VHEγ射线光曲线也显示出类似的衰减曲线。
X射线和γ射线波段的这些相似特征挑战了GRB余辉发射场景。
▲ Abstract
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which are bright flashes of gamma rays from extragalactic sources followed by fading afterglow emission, are associated with stellar core collapse events. We report the detection of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays from the afterglow of GRB 190829A, between 4 and 56 hours after the trigger, using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). The low luminosity and redshift of GRB 190829A reduce both internal and external absorption, allowing determination of its intrinsic energy spectrum. Between energies of 0.18 and 3.3 tera–electron volts, this spectrum is described by a power law with photon index of 2.07 ± 0.09, similar to the x-ray spectrum. The x-ray and VHE gamma-ray light curves also show similar decay profiles. These similar characteristics in the x-ray and gamma-ray bands challenge GRB afterglow emission scenarios.
材料科学Materials Science
Tough hydrogels with rapid self-reinforcement
可快速自我强化的坚韧水凝胶
▲ 作者：Chang Liu, Naoya Morimoto, Lan Jiang, Sohei Kawahara, Takako Noritomi, Hideaki Yokoyama, et al.
▲ 链接：
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1078
▲ 摘要
大多数坚韧的水凝胶通过引入能够耗散输入能量的牺牲结构来增强。然而，由于牺牲损伤不能迅速恢复，这些凝胶的韧性在连续循环加载过程中大幅下降。
研究组提出了一种基于应变诱导结晶的水凝胶无损伤增强策略。对于聚乙二醇链高度取向并在大变形下相互暴露的滑动交联凝胶，结晶度形成并随着拉伸和收缩而软化，导致拉伸能几乎100%地快速恢复，以及6.6-22 MJ/m2的优良韧性，这比聚乙二醇共价交联均质凝胶的韧性大一个数量级。
▲ Abstract
Most tough hydrogels are reinforced by introducing sacrificial structures that can dissipate input energy. However, because the sacrificial damage cannot rapidly recover, the toughness of these gels drops substantially during consecutive cyclic loadings. We propose a damageless reinforcement strategy for hydrogels using strain-induced crystallization. For slide-ring gels in which polyethylene glycol chains are highly oriented and mutually exposed under large deformation, crystallinity forms and melts with elongation and retraction, resulting both in almost 100% rapid recovery of extension energy and excellent toughness of 6.6 to 22 megajoules per square meter, which is one order of magnitude larger than the toughness of covalently cross-linked homogeneous gels of polyethylene glycol.
物理学Physics
Establishing gold and platinum standards to 1 terapascal using shockless compression
用无冲击压缩法建立1太帕金和铂标准
▲ 作者：D. E. Fratanduono, M. Millot, D. G. Braun, S. J. Ali, A. Fernandez-Pañella, C. T. Seagle, et al.
▲ 链接：
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1063
▲ 摘要
新技术突破了1太帕以上高压物理学的前沿，导致了新发现，为凝聚态物质理论和先进数值方法提供了严格测试。然而，绝对确定压力状态的能力仍是一个挑战，需要良好校准的压密基准材料。
为了得到了金和铂的准绝对、高精度、压密状态方程，研究组在国家点火装置和Z机器上进行了无冲击动态压缩实验，并推导出两个实验约束的太帕条件下的压力标准。
建立极端压力的精确实验测定将有助于更好地将实验与理论联系起来，为提高人们理解这些极端条件下的物质反应而铺路。
▲ Abstract
New techniques are advancing the frontier of high-pressure physics beyond 1 terapascal, leading to new discoveries and offering stringent tests for condensed-matter theory and advanced numerical methods. However, the ability to absolutely determine the pressure state remains challenging, and well-calibrated pressure-density reference materials are required. We conducted shockless dynamic compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility and the Z machine to obtain quasi-absolute, high-precision, pressure-density equation-of-state data for gold and platinum. We derived two experimentally constrained pressure standards to terapascal conditions. Establishing accurate experimental determinations of extreme pressure will facilitate better connections between experiments and theory, paving the way toward improving our understanding of material response to these extreme conditions.
化学Chemistry
CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products in strong acid
强酸中电解CO2生成多碳产物
▲ 作者：Jianan Erick Huang, Fengwang Li, Adnan Ozden, Armin Sedighian Rasouli, F. Pelayo García de Arquer, Shijie Liu, et al.
▲ 链接：
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1074
▲ 摘要
二氧化碳电还原（CO2R）作为一条将碳排放转化为有价值的化学品和燃料的颇有前景的途径，正被积极研究中。
然而，投入二氧化碳中有效还原的比例通常很低，对于多碳产品来说小于2%；在碱性和中性反应器中，其余部分与氢氧化物反应生成碳酸盐。
酸性电解质可以克服这一限制，但在这些条件下，析氢占主导地位。研究组报道称，在电化学活性位点附近浓缩钾离子会加速CO2活化，使酸中的CO2有效。
研究组在pH<1的铜上实现了CO2R，单次CO2利用率为77%，在电流密度为1.2 A/cm2、全电池电压为4.2 V时，对多碳产品（乙烯、乙醇和1-丙醇）的转化效率为50%。
▲ Abstract
Carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2R) is being actively studied as a promising route to convert carbon emissions to valuable chemicals and fuels. However, the fraction of input CO2 that is productively reduced has typically been very low, <2% for multicarbon products; the balance reacts with hydroxide to form carbonate in both alkaline and neutral reactors. Acidic electrolytes would overcome this limitation, but hydrogen evolution has hitherto dominated under those conditions. We report that concentrating potassium cations in the vicinity of electrochemically active sites accelerates CO2 activation to enable efficient CO2R in acid. We achieve CO2R on copper at pH <1 with a single-pass CO2 utilization of 77%, including a conversion efficiency of 50% toward multicarbon products (ethylene, ethanol, and 1-propanol) at a current density of 1.2 amperes per square centimeter and a full-cell voltage of 4.2 volts.
地球科学Earth Science
Antarctic surface temperature and elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum
末次冰盛期南极地表温度和海拔
▲ 作者：Christo Buizert, T. J. Fudge, William H. G. Roberts, Eric J. Steig, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Catherine Ritz, et al.
▲ 链接：
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1097
▲ 摘要
极地冰芯中的水稳定同位素是古气候重建中广泛使用的温度指标，但在东南极洲的校准仍具有挑战性。
研究组利用钻孔测温和七个冰芯的积雪特性，重建了南极末次冰盛期最大地表冷却的幅度和空间格局。
南极西部地区相对于前工业化时期降温约10℃。南极东部地区降温4-7℃，这与包括冰芯空气含量数据所显示的地形变化影响在内的全球气候模型结果一致，但比用水稳定同位素校准的现代空间梯度所显示的要小。
冰川期南极逆温改变使该预测与水同位素观测相一致。
▲ Abstract
Water-stable isotopes in polar ice cores are a widely used temperature proxy in paleoclimate reconstruction, yet calibration remains challenging in East Antarctica. Here, we reconstruct the magnitude and spatial pattern of Last Glacial Maximum surface cooling in Antarctica using borehole thermometry and firn properties in seven ice cores. West Antarctic sites cooled ~10°C relative to the preindustrial period. East Antarctic sites show a range from ~4° to ~7°C cooling, which is consistent with the results of global climate models when the effects of topographic changes indicated with ice core air-content data are included, but less than those indicated with the use of water-stable isotopes calibrated against modern spatial gradients. An altered Antarctic temperature inversion during the glacial reconciles our estimates with water-isotope observations.
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